Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 51 tahun 2007 tentang Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan Berbasis Masyarakat

Kawasan Perdesaan adalah wilayah yang mempunyai kegiatan utama pertanian, termasuk pengelolaan SDA, dengan susunan fungsi kawasan sebagai tempat pemukiman perdesaan, pelayanan jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial dan kegiatan ekonomi (UU No. 26/2007).

Sementara ini kawasan perdesaan didefenisikan sebagai kawasan yang terbentuk akibat sumber daya alam dan sumber daya buatan. Typikal kawasan karena bentangan alam diidentifasikan dengan kawasan pesisir (pinggir pantai, manggorve, delta, dll), kawasan pinggir hutan, kawasan taman nasional, kawasan perkebunan, perladangan,

Sementara itu pula kawasan perdesaan yang diakibatkan oleh sumber daya buatan diantaranya urban-rural interface, kawasan pertambangan, perikanan, perladangan, perkebunan, dan lain sebagainya.

kawasan perniagaan (BCD)/perdagangan, kawasan perkantoran, kawasan pertambangan, kawasan dan lain sebagainya.

Berbicara mengenai kawasan kita dihadapkan pada persoalan beberapa kebijakan terutama aturan penataan ruang yang tertuang ke dalam RTRW (provinsi, kabupaten/kota hingga pada kecamatan).

Sedangkan secara komunitas komunitas kawasan di kriteriakan sebagai kawasan perdesaan terpencil, tertinggal, pesisir, pinggir dan dalam hutan, perbatasan dengan negara lain, perdesaan adat, area pertambangan, industri, dataran tinggi, danau/situ, dan daerah aliran sungai.

Pembangunan Kawasan Perdesaan Berbasis Masyarakat (PKPBM) adalah salah satu seni bagaimana mewujudkan suatu nilia-nilai positif suatu kawasan dengan basis meningkatkan potensi alam ataupun sumber daya (alam dan buatan) maupun manusia (masy. Dan kelembagaan) melalui proses transformasi pengentahuan (Knoweldge transformation) dengan melalui berbagai tahapan-tahapan dan bagian-bagian untuk peningkatan pemberdayaan masyarakat (masy. Lembaga dan aparatur) kawasan.

3 elemen utama pelaksanaan PKPBM yaitu penataan ruang partisipatif, penetapan dan pengembangan Pusat Pertumbuhan Terpadu Antar Desa dan Penguatan Kapasitas Masyarakat, Kelembagaan dan Kemitraan.

Sebelum menginjak pada masing-masing pilar diatas, perlu diketahui pula prinsip yang dilaksanakan dalam rangka pemantapan PKPBM ini yaitu : Adil, Partisipatif, Holistik, keseimbangan, keanekaragaman, keterkaitan ekologis, sinergis, keberpihakan kepada ekonomi rakyat, transparan, dan akuntabel.

Prinsip adil yaitu bahwa setiap orang/warga masyarakat di desa berhak untuk berpartisipasi dan menikmati manfaat dari hasil serta memperoleh kompensasi dari akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh pelaksanaan PKPBM.

Partisipatif bahwa PKPBM dilakukan bersama masyarakat dengan melibatkan pemerintah desa, BPD, dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya termasuk lembaga swasta mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan pemanfaat serta pengendaliannya.

Holistik bahwa PKPBM dilakukan melalui yang mampu merespon permasalahan masyarakat perdesaan yang multi dimensional (sosial budaya, kelembagaan, ekonomi, SDA, lingkungan dan infrastruktur)

Keseimbangan, bahwa PKPBM menekankan keharmonisan antara pencapaian tujuan ekonomi dalam rangka menciptakan kemakmuran bagi masyarakat banyak dan tujuan sosial dalam bentuk memelihara kelestarian lingkungan serta konservasi sumber daya alam.

Keanekaragaman,

Bahwa PKPBM dilakukan dengan mengakui perbedaan ciri masing-masing komunitas perdesaan, adat istiadat dan sosial budaya yang hidup didalam masyarakat, ciri ekologis dan berbagi peran antar berbagai pelaku dan pemangku kepentingan.

Keterkaitan ekologis yaitu bahwa PKPBM dilakukan dengan memperhatikan keterkaitan antara satu tipologi kawasan tertentu dengan tipologi kawasan lainnya;

Sinergis bahwa PKPBM dilakukan secara sinergi antara penataan ruang, PPTAD dan penguatan kapasitas masyarakat, kelembagaan dan kemitraan.

Keberpihakan bahwa PKPBM dilakukan dengan berpihak pada kepentingan penduduk miskin, penciptaan lapangan kerja dan mendorong kegiatan ekonomi serta produksi rakyat yang berorientasi pasar.

Transparan dan akuntabel , PKPBM dilaksanakan dengan semangat keterbukaan sehingga seluruh masyarakat dan pelaku memiliki akses yang sama terhadap informasi tentang rencana dan pelaksanaan pembangunan kawasan perdesaan, sedangkan akuntabel adalah dalam pelaksanaan PKPBM, pelaksana dapat diminta tanggung gugat dan tanggung jawab oleh publik atas proses dan hasil serta dampak yang diakibatkannya

PKPBM dilakukan dengan memperhatikan : aspirasi dan kebutuhan masyarakat desa di kawasan perdesaan, kemudian kewenangannya, potensi-potensi desa, kelancaran investasi ke kawasan perdesaan, kelestarian lingkungan dan usaha konservasi SDA, keserasian kepentingan antar kawasan dan kepentingan umum dan kondisi sosial budaya dan ciri ekologi suatu kawasan perdesaan.

Penataan ruang Partisipatif meliputi kegiatan : perencanaan tata ruang, pemanfaatan ruang dan pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang.

Penataan ruang partisipatif dapat dilakukan di area baru atau lokasi baru, desa-desa yang sudah ada dan diluar desa.

Penataan ruang partisipatif dilaksanakan dalam bentuk pola tata desa sedangkan secara keseluruhan terdiri dari pola-pola tata desa dalan satu kawasan.

Sedangkan dalam arti sesunguhnya pemanfaatan ruang yang telah ditetapkan dalam RTRW (wilayah prov. Kab./kota dan kec) dilaksanakan dalam bentuk revitalisasi yaitu penguatan fungsi-fungsi ruang yang ada. Penataan ruang partisipatif juga dapat mengikutsertakan masyarakat secara partisipatif dalam pengawasan pemanfaatan ruang.

Dokumen-dokument tata ruang partipatif disusun dan direvisi dalam forum PKPBM antar desa (satu kecamatan) atau antar kecamatan.

Dalam penataan ruang partisipatif ini masyarakat desa berhak, menyusun rencana detail tata ruang desa yang diselaraskan dengan RTRW/P, Kab./Kota maupun Kecamatan; mengetahui isi rencana tara ruang desa dan tata ruang diluar desa; menikmanti manfaat dan penataan ruan gdesa dan memperoleh kompensasi atas kerugian yang dialaminya akibat dari proses penataan ruang desa. Tetapi masyarakat desa berkewajiban dalam memelihara kelestarian lingkungan dan konservasi SDA; memelihara hasil pemanfaatan ruang desa dan mencegah kerusakan lingkungan dan SDA. Manfaat penataan ruang desa partisipatif bagi masyarakat desa adalah memberdayakan masyarakat dalam : menyusun profil desa dalam rangka menemukenali dan mendayagunakan potensi-potensi desa, memperkuat efektivitas perencanaan pembangunan desa, menemukan dan mengembangkan komoditas unggulan kawasan, memelihara kelestarian lingkungan dan konservasi SDA. Memperkuat kerarifan lokal komunitas kawasan perdesaan sesuai karakteristik masing-masing, mendorong dan mempertahankan ruang fisik desa yang ideal dan menciptakan ketertiban, ketentraman dan keindahan serta keserasian.

Bersambung ….

Village

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Village (disambiguation).

The main street of the village of Castle Combe, Wiltshire, England

Masouleh village, Gilan Province, Iran.

The main square of Saifi Village in Centre Ville, Beirut, Lebanon

An alpine village in the Lötschental Valley, Switzerland.

A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a town or city^[1]. Though generally located in rural areas, the term urban village may be applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New York City and the Saifi Village in Beirut, Lebanon. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages^[2] can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, as against being scattered broadly over the landscape (‘dispersed settlement’).

Villages have been the usual form of community for societies that practice subsistence agriculture, and even for some non-agricultural societies. Towns and cities were few, and were home to only a small proportion of the population. The Industrial Revolution caused many villages to grow into towns and cities; this trend of urbanisation has continued, though not always in connection with industrialisation. Villages have thus been eclipsed in importance, as units of human society and settlement.

Traditional villages

Although many patterns of village life have existed, the typical village was small, consisting of perhaps 5 to 30 families. Homes were situated together for sociability and defense, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed.

South Asia

India

A village in central India.

"The soul of India lives in its villages", declared M. K. Gandhi ^[3] at the beginning of 20th century. According to the 2001 Indian census, 74% of Indians live in 638,365 different villages.^[4] The size of these villages varies considerably. 236,004 Indian villages have a population less than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10,000+. Most villages have their own temple, mosque or church depending on the local religious following.

East Asia

Taiwan

In Taiwan, villages are divisions under president. The village is called a GRAM/GAON (村) under a rural township (鄉) and a li (里) under an urban township (鎮) or a county-controlled city.

East Asia

Taiwan

In Taiwan, villages are divisions under president. The village is called a GRAM/GAON (村) under a rural township (鄉) and a li (里) under an urban township (鎮) or a county-controlled city.

Southeast Asia

Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia

The kampong of Pariangan, West Sumatra.

A kampung in the Malaysian state of Johor.

The term kampung in the English language has been defined specifically as "a Malay hamlet or village in a Malay-speaking country" ^[5] In other words, a kampung is defined today as a village in Brunei, Indonesia or Malaysia. In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Since historical times, every Malay village came under the leadership of a penghulu (village chief), who has the power to hear civil matters in his village (see Courts of Malaysia for more details). A Malay village typically contains a "masjid" (mosque) or "surau" (Muslim chapel), stilt houses and paddy fields. Malay and Indonesian villagers practice the culture of helping one another as a community, which is better known as "joint bearing of burdens" (gotong royong)^[6], as well as being family-oriented (especially the concept of respecting one's family [particularly the parents and elders]), courtesy and believing in God ("Tuhan") as paramount to everything else. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque, as all Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be prayed for, and to receive Allah's blessings in the afterlife.

Philippines

In urban areas of the Philippines, the term "village" most commonly refers to private subdivisions, especially gated communities. These villages emerged in the mid-twentieth century and were initially the domain of elite urban dwellers. However, they are now common in Metro Manila and other major cities in the country and their residents can have a wide range of income levels. They may or may not correspond to administrative units (usually barangays) and/or be privately administered. Some examples of well-known villages in Metro Manila are Forbes Park and Dasmariñas Village.

Vietnam

Village, or "làng", is a basis of Vietnam society. Vietnam's village is the typical symbol of Asian agricultural production. Vietnam's village typically contains: a village gate, "lũy tre" (bamboo hedges), "đình làng" (communal house) where "thành hoàng" (tutelary god) is worshiped, "đồng lúa" (rice field), "chùa" (temple) and houses of all families in the village. All the people in Vietnam's villages usually have a blood relationship. They are farmers who grow rice and have the same traditional handicraft. Vietnam's villages have an important role in society (Vietnamese saying: "Custom rules the law" -"Phép vua thua lệ làng" [literally: the king's law yields to village customs]). Everyone in Vietnam wants to be buried in their village when they die

Central and Eastern Europe

Slavic countries

Selo (Cyrillic: село; Polish: wieś) is a Slavic word meaning "village" in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, and Ukraine. For example there are numerous sela called Novo Selo in Bulgaria, Croatia, and others in Serbia, and Republic of Macedonia. In Slovenia, the word selo is archaic; the common Slovene word for village is vas.

Bulgaria

In Bulgaria the different types of Sela vary from a small selo of 5 to 30 families to one of several thousand people. In Bulgaria it is becoming popular to visit villages for the atmosphere, culture, crafts, hospitality of the people and the surrounding nature. This is called the "selski tourism" (Bulgarian:селски туризъм meaning village tourism) .

Russia

Typical house in a Russian village (derevnya)

In Russia, the bulk of the rural population are concentrated in villages. In Russian, two terms are mainly used to refer to these rural localities: selo (село) or derevnya (деревня). Historically, the formal indication of status was religious: a city (gorod) would have a cathedral, a selo would have a church, while a derevnya would have neither.

The lowest administrative unit of the Russian Empire, volost, or its Soviet or modern Russian successor, selsoviet, would usually be headquartered in a selo and embrace a few neighboring villages.

Between 1926 and 1989, Russia's rural population shrank from 76 million people to 39 million, due to urbanization, collectivization, dekulakisation and the World War II losses, but has nearly stabilized since.^{[citation needed]} Mass starvation in Russia and other parts of the Soviet Union lead to the death of at least 14.5 million of peasants in the period 1930–1937 (including 5-7 million in the Holodomor). ^[7]

Most Russian villages have populations of less than 200 people, and it is the smaller villages which take the brunt of depopulation: e.g., in 1959, about one half of Russia's rural population lived in villages of fewer than 500 people, while now less than one third does. In the 1960s–1970s, the depopulation of the smaller villages was driven by the central planners' drive to get the farm workers out of smaller, "prospect-less" hamlets and into the collective or state farm's main village, with more amenities.^[8]

Most Russian rural residents are involved in agricultural work, and it is very common for villagers to produce their own food. As prosperous urbanites purchase village houses for their second homes, Russian villages sometimes are transformed into dacha settlements, used mostly for seasonal residence.

The historically Cossack regions of Southern Russia and parts of Ukraine, with their fertile soil and absence of serfdom, had a rather different pattern of settlement from central and northern Russia. As opposed to the peasants of central Russia living in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family would often live on a farm of their own, called khutor. The word stanitsa (Russian: стани́ца; Ukrainian: станиця, stanytsia) would be used to refer to an administrative unit including a central village as well as a number of such khutors. Such a stanitsa village, often with a few thousand residents, would usually be larger than a selo in central Russia.

The term aul/aal is used to refer mostly Muslim-populated villages in Caucasus and Idel-Ural, without regard to the number of residents.

Western & Southern Europe

United Kingdom

A village in the UK is a compact settlement of houses, smaller in size than a town, and generally based on agriculture or, in some areas, mining or quarrying.

The major factors in the type of settlement pattern found are location of water sources, the organization of agriculture and landholding and the likelihood of flooding. For example, in areas such as the Lincolnshire Wolds the villages are often found along the spring line halfway down the hillsides, and with the original open field systems around the village. In northern Scotland, most villages are planned to a grid pattern located on or close to major roads, whereas in areas such as the Forest of Arden, woodland clearances produced small hamlets around village greens.

Some villages have disappeared (for example, deserted medieval villages), sometimes leaving behind a church or manor house and sometimes nothing but bumps in the fields. Clearances may have been to accommodate sheep or game estates, or they may have resulted from depopulation, such as after the Black Death or following a move of the inhabitants to more prosperous districts. Others have grown and merged and often form hubs within the general mass of suburbia - Charlton, London or Hampstead in London and in some cases outgrew a nearby town, such as Birmingham which outgrew Aston to become a major city. Many are now predominantly dormitory locations and have suffered the loss of shops, churches and other facilities.

Conceptually, from an English point of view, the village represents an ideal of England. Seen as being far from the bustle of modern life, it is quiet, harmonious, if a little inward-looking. This concept of an unspoilt Arcadia is present in many popular representations of the village such as The Archers or the best kept village competitions.

Many villages in South Yorkshire, North Nottinghamshire, North East Derbyshire and Northumberland are known as pit villages to denote their origins, as many of these villages such as Murton, County Durham only existed as hamlets before the sinking of a colliery in the early 20th centuary forced a rapid expansion of the population of these settlements and the colliery owners built new housing, shops, pubs and even churches for this new population. Some of these villages became so large they out grew nearby towns, both in terms of land area and population; a good example of this is Rossington in South Yorkshire which became over four times larger (in terms of population) than the nearby town of Bawtry; and some pit villages became so large, they actually became towns themselves, Such as Maltby in South Yorkshire whose population rose from 500 in the 19th centuary to over 75,000 in 2007.

Villages tend to occur in lowland England where they partly replaced the more scattered pattern of single farms and hamlets in the mid-Saxon period. In the UK the main historical distinction between a hamlet and a village is that the latter will have a church, and will therefore usually have been the worship centre of an ecclesiastical parish. However, it should be noted that some civil parishes may contain more than one village. The typical village used to have a pub and shops as well as a blacksmith. However, many of these facilities are now gone and many villages are dormitories for commuters. The population of such a settlement could range from a few hundred people to around five thousand. A village is distinguished from a town in that:

• A village should not have a regular agricultural market, although today such markets are uncommon even in settlements which clearly are towns.
• A village does not have a town hall nor a mayor.
• There should also be a clear green belt or open fields surrounding its parish borders.

France

Same general definition as in England, see, for example, Saint-Benoît-du-Sault.

Netherlands

In the flood prone districts of the Netherlands, villages were traditionally built on low man-made hills called terps before the introduction of regional dyke-systems.

Ireland

Villages in Ireland would traditionally consist of a church, a pub, a shop and a post office. Some also contain facilities such as schools and health centres.

The Middle East

Lebanon

Like France, villages in Lebanon are usually located in remote mountainous areas. The majority of villages in Lebanon retain their Aramaic names or are derivative of the Aramaic names, and this is because Aramaic was still in use in Mount Lebanon up to the 18th century.^[9]

Many of the Lebanese villages are a part of districts, these districts are known as "kadaa" which includes the districts of Baabda (Baabda), Aley (Aley), Matn (Jdeideh), Keserwan (Jounieh), Chouf (Beiteddine), Jbeil (Byblos), Tripoli (Tripoli), Zgharta (Zgharta / Ehden), Bsharri (Bsharri), Batroun (Batroun), Koura (Amioun), Miniyeh-Danniyeh (Minyeh / Sir Ed-Danniyeh), Zahle (Zahle), Rashaya (Rashaya), Western Beqaa (Jebjennine / Saghbine), Sidon (Sidon), Jezzine (Jezzine), Tyre (Tyre), Nabatiyeh (Nabatiyeh), Marjeyoun (Marjeyoun), Hasbaya (Hasbaya), Bint Jbeil (Bint Jbeil), Baalbek (Baalbek), and Hermel (Hermel).

The district of Danniyeh conists of thirty six small villages, which includes Almrah, Kfirchlan, Kfirhbab, Hakel al Azimah, Siir, Bakhoun, Miryata, Assoun, Sfiiri, Kharnoub, Katteen, Kfirhabou, Zghartegrein, Ein Qibil.

Danniyeh (known also as Addinniyeh, Al Dinniyeh, Al Danniyeh, Arabic: سير الضنية) is a region located in Miniyeh-Danniyeh District in the North Governorate of Lebanon. The region lies east of Tripoli, extends north as far as Akkar District, south to Bsharri District and Zgharta District and as far east as Baalbek and Hermel. Dinniyeh has an excellent ecological environment filled with woodlands, orchards and groves. Several villages are located in this mountainous area, the largest town being Sir Al Dinniyeh.

An example of a typical mountainous Lebanese village in Dannieh would be Hakel al Azimah which is a small village that belongs to the district of Danniyeh, situated between Bakhoun and Assoun's boundaries. It is in the centre of the valleys that lie between the Arbeen Mountains and the Khanzouh.

• http://Rmaich.com Village in South Lebanon

Sub-Saharan Africa

Australasia & Oceania

Pacific Islands Communities on pacific islands were historically called villages by English speakers who traveled and settled in the area. Some communities such as several Villages of Guam continue to be called villages despite having large populations that can exceed 40,000 residents.

New Zealand

The traditional Maori village was the pa, a fortified hill-top settlement. Tree-fern logs and flax were the main building materials.

Australia The term village often is used in reference to small planned communities such as retirement communities, shopping districts, and tourist areas. Small rural communities are usually known as towns regardless of how small they are.

South America

Argentina

Usually set in remote mountainous areas, some also cater to winter sports and/or tourism, see: Uspallata, La Cumbrecita, Villa Traful and La Cumbre

North America

United States

Main article: Village (United States)

Incorporated villages

See also: Administrative divisions of New York#Village and Village (Oregon)

In twenty^[10] U.S. states, the term "village" refers to a specific form of incorporated municipal government, similar to a city but with less authority and geographic scope. However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state. The distinction is not necessarily based on population, but on the relative powers granted to the different types of municipalities and correspondingly, different obligations to provide specific services to residents.

In some states such as New York, Wisconsin, or Michigan, a village is an incorporated municipality, usually, but not always, within a single town or civil township. Residents pay taxes to the village and town or township and may vote in elections for both as well. In some cases, the village may be coterminous with the town or township. There are also many villages which span the boundaries of more than one town or township, and some villages may even straddle county borders.

There is no limit to the population of a village in New York; Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area.

In the state of Wisconsin a village is always legally separate from the township(s) that it has been incorporated from. The largest village is Menomonee Falls, which has over 32,000 residents.

Michigan and Illinois also have no set population limit for villages and there are many villages that are larger than cities in those states.

Villages in Ohio are almost always legally separate from any townships that they may have been incorporated from (there are exceptions, such as Chagrin Falls, where the township includes the entirety of the village). They have no area limitations, but must reincorporate as cities if they grow to over 5,000 in population. Villages have the same home-rule rights as cities with fewer of the responsibilities. Unlike cities, they have the option of being either a "statutory village" and running their governments according to state law (with a six-member council serving four-year terms and a mayor who votes only to break ties) or being a "charter village" and writing a charter to run their government as they see fit.
^{[citations needed]}

In Maryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a special tax district.^[11] An example of the latter is the Village of Friendship Heights.

In states that have New England towns, a "village" is a center of population or trade, including the town center, in an otherwise sparsely-developed town or city — for instance, the village of Hyannis in the city of the Town of Barnstable. Although over the years the village has become more like a small town within a town with it now being the center of everything for Barnstable.

Unincorporated villages

In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.

Footnotes

1. ^ village: Definition and Much More from Answers.com
2. ^ http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22transient+villages%22&btnG=Search&meta=
3. ^ http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/feature1.pdf
4. ^ http://www.censusindia.net/results/2001census_data_index.html
5. ^ http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/kampung Meriam-Webster Online
6. ^ Geertz, Clifford. "Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective", pp. 167-234 in Geertz Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, NY: Basic Books. 1983.
7. ^ Robert Conquest (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.
8. ^ "Российское село в демографическом измерении" (Rural Russia measured demographically) (Russian). This article reports the following census statistics:

   Census year	1959	1970	1979	1989	2002
   Total number of rural localities in Russia	294,059	216,845	177,047	152,922	155,289
   Of them, with population 1 to 10 persons	41,493	25,895	23,855	30,170	47,089
   Of them, with population 11 to 200 persons	186,437	132,515	105,112	80,663	68,807

9. ^ A project proposal
10. ^ Village
11. ^ 2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions (PDF)

External links

Village types:

• Information about villages in India from GloriousIndia
• Information on all villages in the UK
• Planning A Village
• Types of villages (anthropogenic biomes)